This is a real-life hedge fund case study that was submitted during a final-round interview for a New York City-based hedge fund. This case study was completed for a multi-billion dollar hedge fund.

The case study is 8+ pages and was pitched as a short investment in the Industrials sector. This was a very time-consuming and detailed process where the analyst spent a week building out his thesis and making the argument for a short position in this company.

Company: Cemex (Ticker: CX)
Recommendation: Short Equity

Company Description:

Situation

What Is Your View?

2010 Guidance from 4/27/10 Earnings Call:

Price Increase

The first price increase did not stick, so announced another price increase in July of 11-12%.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Stimulus Outlays

The ARRA was enacted in 2009 as part of the economic stimulus package, intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession. From the government site I have been tracking this on a weekly basis and I have a good feeling for the allotted infrastructure payments. 96% of the $27bn for highways has been obligated; out of this, only 26% has been spent in the entire U.S. at the end of April. In the states most relevant to CX, outlays are closer to 11-13% in states such as CA and FL. It could be that the states are just plugging their holes with the federal money – in that this is not incremental (i.e., if CA has an annual infrastructure budget of $100mn they are simply putting this on hold and taking federal stimulus dollars, so there could be no incremental sales volume here).

Leverage and Covenant Issues

CX’s balance sheet is overly levered with $17 billion debt while at the same time operations are falling apart.
At the end of 1Q10, CX was 6.4x levered (net debt/LTM EBITDA).
Per the company’s 20F, CX Breaks Covenants during:

As of 1Q10 CX was at 7.47x and 2.33x; I am currently modeling 2Q10 at 7.49x and 1.91x.

This is a look at full year 2010 estimates of margins vs. revenue; red shows a covenant breach (4Q10 covenants reset to 6.75x):

CX Breaks Covenants at 6.75x Debt/EBITDA or 1.75x Coverage

∆ in Total Operating Margin (Top Axis) vs. Revenue (Left Axis)

Bottom Line: If we don’t see a U.S. housing recovery in 2H10 or 2011, CX will have to make drastic moves in order to avoid breaking covenants.

Quick Background on CX Covenants:

Under Cemex’s August 2009’s refinancing, CX’s debt covenants will be tested for the first time in June 2010, when its total funded debt is required to be no more than 7.75 times its last 12 months EBITDA. Cemex had a total debt including Perpetual Debentures of $19.458bn at the end of March 2010. The subsequent exchangeable offer for the Perpetuals reduced Cemex’s debt by $437m. I also estimate that Cemex generated a free cash flow in 2Q10 of $100-200mn, down from $323mm in 2Q09. I therefore expect it to report an end of June 2010 total debt of around $18.8bn. $614m of the $715m convertible issued in March is also included in Cemex’s debt, but is excluded under the banking covenants. I therefore estimate that its end-June total funded debt under the covenant will be around $18.2bn. it has US$6b in EUR-denominated debt, so EUR depreciation actually works in favor of reducing Cemex leverage multiples (and vice versa). We should see some of this in 2Q debt reduction.

Here’s the breakdown of all the smoke and mirrors that has happened during 2Q:

$19,458 (Total Funded Debt as of 1Q10)
Minus $437 (Exchangeable offer for the Perpetuals; this offering has closed)
Minus $200 (FCF Paydown; Guidance for FY $600mn Paydown)
Minus $614 ($614m of the $715m convertible issued in March is excluded from the covenants)
$18,207 (Total Funded Debt as of 2Q10)

There has to be a robust recovery for CX to avoid breaching covenants. In my model, Cemex is currently paying down debt from FCF of $1.0bn, $1.4bn, $1.4bn in 2010 through 2012. My model also grows operating margins to 8.7% in 2011 and 9.4% in 2012 (Reported 8.0% in FY09). Intra-quarter management cited leverage at 7.3x. Every 6 months, the covenants reset lower:

If Cemex is in breach of covenants at 4Q10, the company will need to solicit a waiver. Given that they completed the US$15b refinancing less than 1 year ago, have achieved 2009 and 2010 and milestones way ahead of schedule, and have continued to strengthen the balance sheet with equity issuance, convertibles, and divestitures, the company might be able to obtain a waiver in exchange for a normal fee.

Jefferies, who has a BUY rating on the stock, is modeling in 214bps of margin improvement in 2010 and 229bps in 2012.

This is absolutely a call on U.S. HOUSING coming back in 2011/12 – meanwhile, the infrastructure investment starts to wear off a bit in 2011, and by February 2012 all the ARRA money is supposed to have been spent!

If we model in a robust worldwide economic rebound, we’re still skating on very thin ice for the stock!

On the chart below, observe how close CX will to breaking covenants under a very positive economic rebound scenario:

Meanwhile, EBIT fell by 54% YoY in 1Q10. With a slowdown in U.S. housing, and budget cuts in EU/Spain, we’re looking at huge likely margin pressure in the back half of 2010:

Operating margins collapsed in 1Q10, falling to 4.9% from 8.9% in 1Q09. Meanwhile, the company has estimates for 2Q10 ranging from 7.0%-11.8% (note that the business model has changed a bit since 2005).

The chart below shows cement production (million tons) by country in which CX has sales.

Notice that US/Mexico/Europe make up 72% of revenues:

Source: CEMBUREAU Activity Report

CX has operations all over the world:

Industry Data in the U.S. has been slightly positive from March-May but is starting to lose steam:

CX Valuation

CX is trading at 9.5x 2010 Consensus EBITDA. 2010 Consensus EBITDA is still way too high in my view, but look at the delta between implied prices below. If we apply a 9.5x multiple on my estimated 2010 EBITDA, we get an implied price of $5.50. We could even argue for a lower multiple; right now, CX is trading at a 10% premium to the worldwide cement producers based on EBITDA.